Cerebral Blood Flow Variations in Imaging

Czech version

Authors: P. Kalvach; J. Keller
Authors‘ workplace: Neurologická klinika 3. LF Univerzity Karlovy a FNKV, Praha
Published in: Cesk Slov Neurol N 2007; 70/103(3): 236-247
Category: Minimonography

Overview

Cerebral blood flow, blood volume, extraction of oxygen and intensity of metabolism are major factors for the prosperity of nerve functions and of the individual itself. Modern imaging methods provide on them increasingly exact data by means of perfusion CT and MRI, by MR using diffusion weighting, by means of brain cortex activations and comparing these results with histological changes in animal experiments. Of particular importance are measurements of the failing blood flow with ischaemic stroke and its accompanying issues. This text offers knowledge on the achieved results under physiological conditions, during increased or decreased cerebral tissue strains, during aging and finally in a transitory or permanent cerebral blood flow failure in the atherosclerotic vasculature.

Key words:
cerebral blood flow, perfusion CT, perfusion MRI, DWI, ischaemic stroke, cerebrovascular reserve capacity

Sources

1. Školoudík D, Škoda O, Bar M, Brozman M, Václavík D. Neurosonologie. Praha: Galén 2003.

2. Gregová D, Termerová J, Korsa J, Benedikt P, Peisker T, Procházka B et al. Věková závislost průtokových rychlostí v karotických tepnách. Česk Slov Neurol N 2004; 67/100 (6): 409-14.

3. Kalvach P, Gregová D, Škoda O, Peisker T, Tůmová R, Termerová J et al. Cerebral blood supply with aging: Normal, stenotic and recanalized. J Neurol Sci 2007: in print.

4. Koshimoto Y, Yamada H, Kimura H, Maeda M, Tsuchida C, Kawamura Y et al. Quantitative analysis of cerebrovascular hemodynamics with T2-weighted dynamic MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 9(3): 462-7.

5. Helenius J, Perkio J, Soinne L, Ostergaard L, Carano RA, Salonen O et al. Cerebral hemodynamics in a healthy population measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging. Acta Radiol 2003, 44(5): 538-46.

6. Wenz F, Rempp K, Brix G, Knopp MV, Guckel F, Hess T et al. Age dependency of the regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) measured with dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging (DSC). J Magn Reson Imaging 1996, 14(2): 157-62.

7. Ruetzler CA, Furuya K, Takeda H, Hallenbeck JM. Brain vessels normally undergo cyclic activation and inactivation: Evidence from tumor necrosis factor-alfa, Heme-oxygenase-1, and Manganese Superoxide dismutase immunostaining of vessels and perivascular brain cells. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol 2001; 21: 244-52.

8. Hoge RD, Atkinson J, Gill B, Crelier GL, Marrett S, Pike GB. Investigation of BOLD signal dependence on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption: the deoxyhemoglobin dilution model. Magnetic resonance in medicine 1999; 42(5): 849-63.

9. Turner R. How much cortex can a vein drain? Downstream dilution of activation-related cerebral blood oxygenation changes. Neuroimage 2002; 16: 1062-7.

10. Kwong KK, Belliveau JW, Chesler DA, Goldberg IE, Weisskoff RM, Poncelet BP et al. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1992; 89: 5675-9.

11. Klener J, Urgošík D, Tiňtěra J. Využití funkční magnetické rezonance v neurochirurgii centrální krajiny. Česk Slov Neurol N 2003; 66/99: 329-34.

12. Bartoš R, Jech R, Vymazal J, Cihlář F, Hejčl A, Sameš M. Spolehlivost lokalizace primární motorické oblasti pomocí funkční magnetické rezonance. Česk Slov Neurol N 2006; 69/102: 189-94.

13. Frisoni GB, Filippini N. Quantitative and functional magnetic resonance imaging techiques. In Herholz K, Perani D, Morris Ch (eds). The Dementias. Early diagnosis and evaluation. New York: Taylor and Francis Group 2006: 157-96.

14. Feng CM, Liu HL, Fox PT, Gao JH. Dynamic changes in the cerebral metabolic rate of O2 and oxygen extraction ratio in event-related functional MRI. Neuroimage 2003; 18: 257-62.

15. Liu HL, Pu Y, Nickerson LD, Liu Y, Fox PT, Gao JH. Comparison of the temporal response in perfusion and BOLD-based event-related functional MRI. Magnetic resonance in medicine 2000; 43(5): 768-72.

16. Menon RS, Ogawa S, Hu X, Strupp JP, Anderson P, Ugurbil K. BOLD based functional MRI at 4 Tesla includes a capillary bed contribution: echo-planar imaging correlates with previous optical imaging using intrinsic signals. Magnetic resonance in medicine 1995; 33(3): 453-9.

17. Hu X, Le TH, Ugurbil K. Evaluation of the early response in fMRI in individual subjects using short stimulus duration. Magnetic resonance in medicine 1997; 37(6): 877-84.

18. Williams DS, Detre JA, Leigh JS, Koretsky AP. Magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion using spin inversion of arterial water. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1992; 89(1): 212-6.

19. Wang JJ, Aguirre GK, Kimberg DY, Roc AC, Li L, Detre JA. Arterial spin labeling perfusion AM with very low task frequency. Magnetic resonance in medicine 2003; 45(9): 796-802.

20. Malatino LS, Bellofiore S, Costa MP, Lo Manto G, Finocchiaro F, Di Maria GU. Cerebral blood flow velocity after hyperventilation-induced vasoconstriction in hypertensive patients. Stroke 1992; 23:1728-32.

21. Bishop CCR, Powell S, Rutt D, Browse NL. Transcranial Doppler measurement of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity: a validation study. Stroke 1986; 17: 913-5.

22. Spencer MP, Thomas GI, Moehring MA. Relation between middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and stump pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 1992; 23: 1439-45.

23. Ringelstein EB, Sievers C, Ecker S, Schneider PA, Otis SM. Noninvasive assessment of CO2 induced cerebral vasomotor response in normal individuals and patients with internal carotid artery occlusions. Stroke 1988; 19: 963-9.

24. Eicke BM, Buss E, Baehr RR, Hajak G, Paulus W. Influence of Acetazolamide and CO2 on extracranial flow volume and intracranial blood flow velocity. Stroke 1999; 30: 76-80.

25. Silvestrini M, Troisi E, Matteis M, Cupini LM, Caltagirone C. Transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebrovascular reactivity in symptomatic and asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis. Stroke 1996; 27: 1970-3.

26. Kastrup A, Li T-Q, Takahashi A, Glover GH, Moseley ME. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of regional cerebral blood oxygenation changes during breath holding. Stroke 1998; 29: 2641-5.

27. Okazawa H, Yamauchi H, Sugimoto K, Toyoda H, Kishibe Y, Takahashi M. Effects of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow, blood volume and oxygen metabolism: a positron emission tomography study with healthy volunteers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 1472-9.

28. Okazawa H, Yamauchi H, Sugimoto K, Takahashi M. Differences in vasodilatory capacity and changes in cerebral blood flow induced by acetazolamide in patients with cerebrovascular disease. J Nucl Med 2003; 44: 1371-8.

29. Guckel FJ, Brix G, Schmiedek P, Piepgras Z, Becker G, Kopke J et al. Cerebrovascular reserve capacity in patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease: assessment with dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MR imaging and the acetazolamide stimulation test. Radiology 1996; 201: 405-12.

30. Astrup J, Siesjo BK, Symon L. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia: the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981; 12: 723-5.

31. Furlan M, Marchal G, Viader F, Derlon JM, Baron JC. Spontaneous neurological recovery after stroke and the fate of the ischemic penumbra. Ann Neurol 1996; 40: 216-26.

32. Marchal G, Beaudouin V, Rioux P, de la Sayette V, Le Doze F, Viader F et al. Prolonged persistence of substantial volumes of potentially viable brain tissue after stroke: a correlative PET-CT study with voxel-based data analysis. Stroke 1996; 27: 599-606.

33. Rohl L, Ostergaard L, Simonsen CZ, Vestergaard-Poulsen P, Andersen G, Sakoh M et al. Viability thresholds of ischemic penumbra of hyperacute stroke defined by perfusion-weighted MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient. Stroke 2001; 32: 1140-8.

34. Schlaug G, Benfield A, Baird AE, Siewert B, Lovblad KO, Parker RA et al. The ischemic penumbra: operationally defined by diffusion and perfusion MRI. Neurology 1999; 53: 1528-37.

35. Hoehn-Berlage M, Norris DG, Kohno K, Mies G, Leibfritz D, Hossmann K-A. Evolution of regional changes in apparent diffusion coefficient during focal ischemia of rat brain – the relationship of quantitative diffusion NMR imaging to reduction in cerebral blood flow and metabolic disturbances. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995; 15: 1002-11.

36. Bandera E, Botteri M, Minelli C, Sutton A, Abrams KR, Latronico L. Cerebral blood flow threshold of ischemic penumbra and infarct core in acute ischemic stroke. A systematic review. Stroke 2006; 37: 1334-9.

37. Sunshine JL, Tarr RW, Lanzieri CF, Landis DM, Selman WR, Lewin JS. Hyperacute stroke: ultrafast MR imaging to triage patients prior to therapy. Radiology 1999; 212: 325-32.

38. Helenius J, Soinne L, Salonen O, Kaste M, Tatlisumak T. Leukoaraiosis, ischemic stroke, and normal white matter on diffusion-weighted MRI. Stroke 2002; 33: 45-50.

39. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, Laval-Jeantet M. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 1986; 161: 401-7.

40. Moritani T, Ekholm S, Westesson PL. Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging of the Brain. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 2005.

41. Forbes KP, Pipe JG, Bird CR. Changes in brain water diffusion during the first year of life. Radiology 2002; 222: 405-9.

42. Syková E, Mazel T, Šimonová Z. Diffusion constraints and neuron-glia interaction during aging. Exp Gerontology 1998; 33: 837-51.

43. Syková E. Glial diffusion barriers during aging and pathological states. In Lopez BC and Nieto-Sampedro (Eds). Progress in Brain Research. Elsevier Science BV 2001: 339-63.

44. Fiebach JB, Jansen O, Schellinger PD, Heiland S, Hacke W, Sartor K et al. Serial analysis of the apparent diffusion coefficient time course in human stroke. Neuroradiology 2002; 44: 294-8.

45. Olah L, Wecker S, Hoehn M. Relation of apparent diffusion coefficient changes and metabolic disturbances after 1 hour of focal cerebral ischemia and at different reperfusion phases in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 4: 430-9.

46. Oppenheim C, Grandin C, Samson Y, Smith A, Duprez T, Marsault C et al. Is there an apparent diffusion coefficient threshold in predicting tissue viability in hyperacute stroke? Stroke 2001; 32: 2486-91.

47. Liu Y, Karonen JO, Vanninen RL, Ostergaard L, Roivainen R, Nuutinen J et al. Cerebral hemodynamics in human acute ischemic stroke: a study with diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and SPECT. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20: 910-20.

48. Neumann-Haefelin T, Kastrup A, de Crespigny A, Yenari MA, Ringer T, Sun, GH et al. Serial MRI after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 2000; 31: 1965-73.

49. Nosál V, Šaňák D, Herzig R, Zeleňák K, Kurča E, Kaňovský P. Náhla cievna mozgová príhoda ischemická – súčasné zobrazovacie možnosti. Cesk Slov Neurol N 2006; 69/102: 272-9.

50. Šaňák D, Nosál V, Horák D, Bártková A, Zeleňák K, Herzig R et al. Impact of initial cerebral infarction volume measured in diffusion-weighted MRI on clinical outcome in acute stroke patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion treated by thrombolysis. Neuroradiology 2007: in print.