Spontaneous vaginal extrusion of the distal catheter of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Overview

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Dear editorial office,

A 34-year-old female had undergone a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt operation due to hydrocephalus at another centre 10 years ago. The VP shunt had been revised three times and the last time it was adjusted to 100 mm H₂O at the same centre. After 7 years, the patient complained of ataxia, dizziness and vision field defects. She was brought to our hospital`s emergency ward on December 28, 2016. Cranial MRI and diffusion MRI revealed bilateral cerebellar infarcts. She was drowsy and was unable to walk. The previous shunt had been placed through the right posterior parietal burr hole and it was not functional. An external ventricular drainage (EVD) was inserted through the right frontal burr hole, antiplatelet (acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg) and anticoagulant (enoxaparin sodium) medication was started. A new shunt was placed on January 6, 2017 via the same right frontal burr hole and it was adjusted to 140 mm H₂O. The old non-functioning shunt was kept. She made a rapid neurological recovery. She was hospitalized at our clinic in January 2018 because of vaginal protrusion of the peritoneal part of the catheter. No CSF was noted at the tip of the catheter. Abdominal CT (Fig. 1) showed rupture and migration of the distal catheter. Examinations were made by the gynaecologist and general surgeon. She was scheduled for revision. The catheter spontaneously extruded as one piece during defecation. There was no sign of infection. A repeated gynaecological examination was performed and no further intervention was recommended. The extruded catheter was a part of the old shunt and for that reason, she was discharged in a good neurological and physical condition.

Disconnection and migration of a distal VP shunt catheter to a variety of unfavourable sites were noted in the literature. The perforation of the viscera in some instances may lead to more serious complications. Migration into the heart [1], gastric perforation and protrusion into the oral cavity [2], protrusion through the anus [3], bladder perforation [4], scrotal perforation [5] and different abdominal complications [6] are among them.

The vaginal protrusion of a distal shunt catheter is extremely rare. To date, only eight such cases have been reported in the literature (Tab. 1). Six patients were children under 2 years of age and the other two patients were adults.

Tab. 1. Clinical summary of the patients with vaginal protrusion of distal shunt catheter reported in the literature

EVD – external ventricular drain; VA – ventriculoatrial; VP – ventriculoperitoneal

Bonfield et al [7] discussed their patient and another adult case reported by Mozingo and Cauthen [8] and found some similarities. Both patients had history of hysterectomy, extrusion was through the vaginal cuff and extrusions appeared after a relatively short time following the shunt placement. The case presented by Bonfield was diagnosed Behçet’s disease. The authors claimed that prior hysterectomy and mucosal dysfunction could increase the risk in this particular patient. The exact mechanism of vaginal perforation may not be completely understood with such limited experience, but it seems that previous shunt revisions, abdominal and gynaecological intervention, an overly long distal catheter (especially in children) and infection may play a role in vaginal shunt extrusions.

Zhou et al [9] described fibrosis formation around the tube resulting in adhesion of the shunt to the nearby viscera. It is believed that fibrosis immobilizes the tube and creates risks to the abdominal organs.

Speculation that the physical characteristics of the distal shunt catheter cause perforation of the abdominal viscera has not been regarded as a probable factor.

The therapeutic approach in these cases should include defining the point of rupture of the catheter, removing it safely, repairing the opening in the vaginal wall if necessary, treatment of infection if there is any and the insertion of a new shunt in a timely manner. A temporary EVD may be inserted in shunt dependent patients until a new shunt has been placed. Only the distal catheter is removed in the absence of infection and replaced by a new one. In other instances, the whole shunt may be removed and a new one inserted. The connection of a new peritoneal catheter may be made through a small abdominal incision once the point of disconnection is clearly defined by radiology. Laparoscopic and endoscopic approaches were used and suggested for the treatment of abdominal shunt catheter complications in general.

The treatment should be multidisciplinary including the cooperation of the radiology, general surgery, gynaecology and neurosurgery departments.

The Editorial Board declares that the manu script met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers.

Fikret Şahintürk, MD
Department of Neurosurgery
School of Medicine
Baskent University
Fevzi Cakmak Caddesi 10. Sokak
No: 45 Bahcelievler
Ankara
Turkey
e-mail: fikretsahinturk@gmail.com

Accepted for review: 18. 7. 2019
Accepted for print: 29. 1. 2020